In This Lesson
Physics
Motion & Kinematics
- Velocity: v = d/t (displacement ÷ time)
- Acceleration: a = (v - v₀)/t
- Distance (constant a): d = v₀t + ½at²
- Final velocity: v² = v₀² + 2ad
Newton's Laws of Motion
- 1st Law (Inertia): Objects at rest stay at rest; objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by a force
- 2nd Law: F = ma (Force = mass × acceleration)
- 3rd Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Energy & Work
- Work: W = F × d × cos θ
- Kinetic Energy: KE = ½mv²
- Potential Energy: PE = mgh
- Power: P = W/t
Waves & Optics
- Wave Speed: v = fλ (frequency × wavelength)
- Reflection: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
- Snell's Law: n₁sin θ₁ = n₂sin θ₂
Chemistry
Atomic Structure
- Protons: Positive charge, in nucleus, determines element
- Neutrons: No charge, in nucleus, determines isotope
- Electrons: Negative charge, orbit nucleus, determines bonding
- Atomic Number: Number of protons
- Mass Number: Protons + Neutrons
Chemical Bonding
- Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons (metal + nonmetal)
- Covalent Bond: Sharing of electrons (nonmetal + nonmetal)
- Metallic Bond: Sea of electrons (metal + metal)
Acids & Bases
- pH < 7: Acidic (more H⁺ ions)
- pH = 7: Neutral
- pH > 7: Basic/Alkaline (more OH⁻ ions)
- Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Gas Laws
- Boyle's Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (at constant T)
- Charles's Law: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (at constant P)
- Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
Biology
Cell Structure
Plant Cells Only:
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts
- Large central vacuole
Both Plant & Animal:
- Nucleus, Ribosomes
- Mitochondria
- Cell membrane
Genetics
- DNA: Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine
- RNA: Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine
- Dominant: Expressed when present (capital letter)
- Recessive: Only expressed when homozygous (lowercase)
Photosynthesis & Respiration
Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Cellular Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
Earth Science
Earth's Layers
- Crust: Thinnest layer, where we live
- Mantle: Largest layer, convection currents
- Outer Core: Liquid iron and nickel
- Inner Core: Solid iron and nickel
Plate Tectonics
- Convergent: Plates collide → mountains, trenches
- Divergent: Plates separate → rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges
- Transform: Plates slide past → earthquakes
Rock Cycle
- Igneous: Formed from cooled magma/lava
- Sedimentary: Formed from compressed sediments
- Metamorphic: Changed by heat and pressure